CR/LF

Such a trivial problem - I simply want to add a CR/LF pair to the end (or middle) of a string.

(Uh, CR/LF means Carriage Return/Linefeed.)

The codes for this are

	Hex	Decimal	Visual Basic	Delphi	C++ Builder	Java	Paradox
CR	0D	13	vbCR	#13	\r
LF	0A	10	vbLF	#10
CR/LF	0D0A	13,10	vbCRLF vbNewLine	#13#10	\n	newLine()	\n
Tab	09	9	vbTab	#9	\t

Well, there is more - the line termination character sequence is operating system dependent. The C \n, the VisualBasic vbNewLine, and the Java newLine() will be interpreted according to the following table.

Operating Environment	Sequence
MS DOS/MS Windows	CRLF
Unix	LF
Macintosh	CR

As a result, moving "straight text" files between systems can cause pretty severe problems. (In windows, DOS Edit and WinWord convert unix line terminators to DOS line terminators, but notepad just shows the unix teminators as boxes.)

Visual Basic | Delphi | C++ Builder | Java | Others

Visual Basic 6.0

Careful: VB constants are version dependent!

    VisualBasic  3.0          VisualBasic  6.0
  ESC$ = Chr$(KEY_ESCAPE)   ESC$ = Chr$(vbKeyEscape)
   cr$ = Chr$(KEY_RETURN)    cr$ = Chr$(vbKeyReturn)

GlobalConstants.bas is a fully functional and tested module which defines the global variables

esc$, cr$, lf$, crlf$

tempStr$ = "Line 1" & crlf$ & "Line 2"

MS Access 97 and VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) allows vbCR, vbLF, vbCRLF. However, it is not clear if VB supports these.

I'm not sure which versions of VisualBasic and VBA support vbNewLine - it is supported in ASP VBScript.

Delphi 5.0

Use the pound sign (#) to denote a "control String", ie, a single ASCII character.

From ibutils.pas

const
  CRLF = #13 + #10;
  CR   = #13;
  LF   = #10;
  TAB  = #9;
  NULL_TERMINATOR = #0;

From Character String help

tempStr := 'Line 1'#13#10'Line 2';

You can also specify characters using hex

const
  CRLF = #$D#$A;
  CR   = #$D;
  LF   = #$A;

C++ Builder

Use \n to produce a new line (a cr/lf pair on ms dos/windows systems, a single character on unix sustems).

tempStr = "Line 1\nLine 2";

Java

\n is not reliable in Java. Sometimes it produces a new line, othertimes you get a verticle bar. Thus, this is interpreter dependent. Instead, Sun provides the following advice.

A newLine() method is provided, which uses the platform's own notion of line separator as defined by the system property line.separator. Not all platforms use the newline character ('\n') to terminate lines. Calling this method to terminate each output line is therefore preferred to writing a newline character directly. sun.com

On the other hand, in its Dialog Box Tutorial, Sun says

You can split the message over several lines by putting newline (\n) characters inside the message string. For example:
"Complete the sentence:\n \"Green eggs and...\""

Who knows what to believe. I've seen \n fail in text fields.

Others

MS Access 97 allows vbCR, vbLF, vbCRLF